Adapting the bioblitz to meet conservation needs

When conservation strategies require new, field‐based information, practitioners must find the best ways to rapidly deliver high‐quality survey data. To address this challenge, several rapid‐assessment approaches have been developed since the early 1990s. These typically involve large areas, take many months to complete, and are not appropriate when conservation‐relevant survey data are urgently needed for a specific locale. In contrast, bioblitzes are designed for quick collection of site‐specific survey data. Although bioblitzes are commonly used to achieve educational or public‐engagement goals, conservation practitioners are increasingly using a modified bioblitz approach to generate conservation‐relevant data while simultaneously enhancing research capacity and building working partnerships focused on conservation concerns. We term these modified events expert bioblitzes. Several expert bioblitzes have taken place on lands of conservation concern in Southern California and have involved collaborative efforts of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, botanic gardens, museums, and universities. The results of expert bioblitzes directly informed on‐the‐ground conservation and decision‐making; increased capacity for rapid deployment of expert bioblitzes in the future; and fostered collaboration and communication among taxonomically and institutionally diverse experts. As research and conservation funding becomes increasingly scarce, expert bioblitzes can play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation.     

上海宝山快速城市化进程对河网演变影响分析

以我国快速城市化区域——上海宝山区为例,基于近20 a经济发展和河系水网变化相关数据,探讨区域河网水系的时空变化规律,不同功能区的河网变化分异特征及其驱动因子。分析结果表明:(1)宝山区的河网水系数量变化经历了基本稳定(1994-2003年)、快速消亡(2003-2006年)、缓慢回升(2006-2008年)3个阶段,这与其城市化发展进程有较好的对应关系;(2)不同功能区域河网数量和水环境质量变化具有分异性,其中水面率大小关系为Ⅲ区>Ⅰ区>Ⅱ区,有机污染综合指数和总磷为Ⅱ区7Ⅰ区7Ⅲ区;(3)不同功能区的河网水系数量和水环境质量对城市化响应具有明显差异,居住用地、工业用地和设施用地的增加是各功能区河网水系变化的主要驱动因素。在此基础上,对于区域防洪除涝问题提出建议,即在城市化进程中,不仅应重视河道数量,更应重视河道长宽度的保护,才能改善河网水质和水生态环境。     

快速交通对区域中心城市日常可达性影响——以长江三角洲地区为例

近年来高速公路、高速铁路等快速交通不断发展,城市区域可达性得到大幅提高。基于栅格数据的成本加权距离法,利用平均旅行时间、等时圈以及日常可达性等区域可达性指标,比较分析有无高速公路和有无高速铁路情况下长三角地区中心城市可达性空间格局变化,探索两种快速交通方式对中心城市可达性的影响差异。结果显示：由于高速公路网发育程度较好,对城市区域可达性的影响较为均衡,而高速公路桥能显著缩短两岸旅行时间;高速铁路运行速度更快,但主要沿大城市带呈线状分布,因此对沿线可达性改善明显,尤其是对铁路端点城市;高速铁路较高速公路对城市之间日常可达时间优化效果显著;高速公路和高速铁路对于可达性影响各异,需衔接配合方能大幅提高城市日常可达性,促进区域经济社会公平快速发展     

Can Rapid Assessment Protocols Be Used to Judge Sediment Impairment in Gravel‐Bed Streams? A Commentary

Land management agencies commonly use rapid assessments to evaluate the impairment of gravel‐bed streams by sediment inputs from anthropogenic sources. We question whether rapid assessment can be used to reliably judge sediment impairment at a site or in a region. Beyond the challenges of repeatable and accurate sampling, we argue that a single metric or protocol is unlikely to reveal causative relations because channel condition can result from multiple pathways, processes, and background controls. To address these concerns, a contextual analysis is needed to link affected resources, causal factors, and site history to reliably identify human influences. Contextual analysis is equivalent in principle to cumulative effects and watershed analyses and has a rich history, but has gradually been replaced by rapid assessment methods. Although the approaches differ, rapid assessment and contextual analysis are complementary and can be implemented in a two‐tiered approach in which rapid assessment provides a coarse (first‐tier) analysis to identify sites that deserve deeper contextual assessment (second‐tier). Contextual analysis is particularly appropriate for site‐specific studies that should be tailored to local conditions. A balance between rapid assessment and contextual analysis is needed to provide the most effective information for management decisions.     

韶钢2200 m3高炉优化休复风操作生产实践研究

韶钢2200 m³高炉投产运行近16年,处于炉役后期生产,受操作炉型不规则且炉缸保温性能极大下降等影响,高炉休风检修后,炉况恢复较困难。通过科学调剂精料管理、优化休风料加入方式、上下部操作制度并改进造渣制度和出铁模式等一系列措施,实现了高炉在短时间内快速恢复炉况的目的。     

环境中大肠杆菌快速生物检测技术研究进展

大肠杆菌作为水质卫生学指标,在环境水质监测中起着非常重要的指示作用.近年来为了克服大肠杆菌常规监测方法的不足,基于现代生物技术原理展开的环境中大肠杆菌的快速检测技术是国内外的研究热点.本文对环境介质大肠杆菌的分子生物学监测方法、免疫学检测方法等的原理及其在环境领域中的应用进行了综述和分析,并在此基础上对大肠杆菌的仪器化发展进行了展望.指出以现代生物技术为核心的并结合现代仪器技术的大肠杆菌快速检测技术将具有良好的应用前景,大肠杆菌的快速检测技术应向操作简单、快速、高灵敏度以及低成本方向发展.     

基于海洋环境要素的动态航行风险评估*

为得到精确动态航行评估结果,将多准则决策方法与GIS风险制图技术相结合,以5种海洋环境要素（风场、洋流、海浪、海温和海底地形）作为评估因子,通过数据时空插值法和层次分析法（AHP,Analytic Hierarchy Process）确定评估因子权重,提出权重优化算法改进权重值,进而得到最优动态航行风险评估结果。结果表明:动态航行风险评估结果能够直观展示海域航行风险空间分布和变化趋势,评估具有实时性和连续性,可以为海域恶劣海况提供足够预警能力。     

露采高边坡模型初始地应力场快速生成方法研究*

为防止露釆高边坡建模中初始地应力场畸变,采用子模型法和等效应力梯度边界面力法,用等效应力梯度边界面力替代简化部分水平构造应力,施加侧边界条件。以黄山石灰石矿山高边坡为工程实例,建立取至负地形的高边坡整体计算模型和简化子模型,计算对比整体大模型与简化子模型初始地应力场模拟结果。结果表明:整体大模型与简化子模型水平方向和竖直方向应力误差较小,证明此数值模型简化法可行;以工程边界作为简化子模型侧边界,节点和单元简化率约52%,可快速模拟初始地应力场,提高计算效率。研究结果为高边坡整体大模型初始地应力快速生成提供新思路。     

垃圾渗滤液COD检测方法中Cl~-干扰问题的讨论

化学需氧量(COD)是垃圾渗滤液检测的一项重要指标,渗滤液中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)对COD检测的干扰问题未引起足够的重视.通过实验对比了重铬酸钾回流法、快速消解分光光度法、碱性高锰酸钾法和紫外分光光度法检测渗滤液COD时的Cl-干扰程度.普遍采用的重铬酸钾回流法,由于Cl-存在干扰,掩蔽剂不能完全有效掩蔽,Cl-≤3550mg·L-1时测量结果并不准确;快速消解分光光度法并没有从根本上消除Cl-的干扰;碱性高锰酸钾法虽能消除Cl-干扰,但氧化效率只有重铬酸钾的60%左右;紫外分光光度法不仅时间短、效率高,还能有效避免Cl-带来的干扰.在COD值≤150mg·L-1的稳定水质中UV254与COD值有较高的显著相关性,相关系数为0.9985;UV365在COD值≤600mg·L-1都有很显著的相关性,相关系数为0.9996.UV365比UV254具有更广的检测范围和更高的COD相关性.     

人工快速渗滤系统治理暴雨径流污染研究

土地处理技术是一项简单高效的污水处理技术,试验利用人工快速渗滤系统对武汉动物园暴雨径流进行了治理研究。试验结果表明,除总悬浮颗粒外各水质指标都达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准,具有良好的污水深度处理能力。系统对水量的削减较显著,在22.1cm/d的高水力负荷下,削减率达59.5%。